Global protein conjugation by ubiquitin-like-modifiers during ischemic stress is regulated by microRNAs and confers robust tolerance to ischemia.

Hibernation torpor provides an excellent model of natural tolerance to ischemia.We have previously shown that massive global SUMOylation occurs during hibernation torpor in ground squirrels.We have also shown that overexpression of Ubc9, SUMO-1, or SUMO-2/3 provides protection against ischemic damage in cell lines and cortical neurons exposed to ox

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